Grounding: checking what models assert about people

A unit-level check of every claim a model makes about a student — is it grounded in the student’s own material, or inferred?

In two studies, I checked every claim a model made about a student, one unit at a time: is it grounded in the student’s own material, or inferred?

What models asserted about students, unit by unit
  • Study 2 extractor: 384 explanations · 1,130 units

    • 625 grounded
    • 505 inferred
  • Study 1 tutor (dissertation Appendix E) · 57 units

    • 23 grounded
    • 34 inferred

“Inferred” means the student’s material doesn’t show it, not that it is false: an inferred claim may still be true. The check compares claims with what the student provided; it does not test truth.

Only grounded units count toward Depth and Richness in my interest-identification work.

The same convention on this site

The legend at the bottom of every page uses the same idea: a solid underline for something shown in the source, a dotted underline for an inference. The planned Ask and Life & You pages will mark their claims this way.

Publications

  1. Rao, N., Huang, Z., Kulkarni, A., Ragan, E., & Chu, S. L. (2026). Identifying Student Interests for Interest-Based Learning: A Comparison of Interest Extraction from Browsing History and Social Media Posts. IEEE ICALT 2026. Full paper.

Builds